Dines, Gail, 2003, Gender, Race and Class in Media, UK, Saga Publications
"Hegemony is the power or dominance that one social group holds over others". Pg 61
"Social class differences in today's world are not determined solely or directly by economic factors" Pg 61
"Mass-mediated ideologies are corroborated and strengthened by interlocking system of efficacious information-distributing agencies and taken-for-granted social practices that permeate every aspect social and cultural reality". Pg 62
"Hegemony is not a direct stimulation of thought or action, but, according to Sturat Hall, is a "framing [of] all competing definition of reality within [the dominant class's] range, bringing all alternatives within their horizons of thought". Pg 62
The four quotes above all indicate how hegemony is within today's society and how it can be strengthened or changed. It also discusses how it is about social class difference within society today. This will therefore help me examine how my topic of black actors roles have changed within films from past eras to now and how hegemony is part of today's society and social groups are now being excepted and treated equally from before.
King, Geoff (2002): Film Studies. London, Wallflower
"If Whoopi Goldberg is one of relatively few women to have established a persona as a disruptive comedian-comic in Hollywood in recent decades- albeit somewhat sporadically- it is perhaps no accident that she should also be a black, African-American performer"
"Success has also come for a more recent generation of comic black performers such as Martin Lawrence, Christ Tucker and Chris Rock. To what extent might the success of these performers, in the format of comedian comedy, be explained by the degree to which their antics conform to racist stereotypes such as that of the 'coons'?"
"The same qualities might fit more easily into the parameters of long-standing racial stereotypes, however, most notably that of the 'coon': the racist version of the African American as black buffoon and object of amusement"
These three quotes and statement discusses the way black actors have been labelled in the film industry as the 'coons', this states that they have been treated differently to the norms of characters i.e. white actors and are subordinate within the film industry. They are more entertainers who play roles in comedy films rather than being take seriously in Drama films. This will allow me to assess the negatives that have been portrayed in the media against black actors and how this can change the way they are been seen as a whole and off screen.
Jewkes, Yvonne, 2004, Media Studies Readers, London, Arnold
"I should like first to focus on what seems to me to be dominant and often misleading assumptions about the nature of stereotypes, and which often prevent us from making theoretically statement about how stereotypes function ideologically" Pg 75
"According to these assumptions stereotypes are:
(1) always erroneous in content
(2) pejorative concepts
(3) simple
(4) ridged and do not change
(5) about groups with whom we have little/no social contact; by implications therefore, are not held about ones own group" Pg 75
These two quotes above are from Tessa Perkins who wrote the book 'ideology and cultural productions' and from his two quotes will allow me to understand the different stereotypes that are held upon certain social groups and will allow me to apply it to my social group that I am studying.
2) Casey, Bernadette, Casey, Neil (2002):Television Studies The Key Concept, London, Routledge
"What it may possible to assert is that the media process of reducing human to stereotypes at the very least acts as a means of establishing boundaries between 'insiders' and 'outsiders. The audience is encouraged to identify with 'positive' rather than 'negative' characters. Put simply, viewers are asked to see themselves as 'us' and not 'them'."
This quote above can be interpreted as the explanation of stereotypes regarding audience, for example I can relate this to my topic as it puts forth the audience and the way they stereotypes 'black actors' as the others, rather then see them as a character. As stereotypes increase they become negative and have an impact upon characters roles and their outside appearance and I can relate this to how many people nowadays are able to identify with black actors/actresses rather then brush them off as 'them'.
"According to these assumptions stereotypes are:
(1) always erroneous in content
(2) pejorative concepts
(3) simple
(4) ridged and do not change
(5) about groups with whom we have little/no social contact; by implications therefore, are not held about ones own group" Pg 75
These two quotes above are from Tessa Perkins who wrote the book 'ideology and cultural productions' and from his two quotes will allow me to understand the different stereotypes that are held upon certain social groups and will allow me to apply it to my social group that I am studying.
2) Casey, Bernadette, Casey, Neil (2002):Television Studies The Key Concept, London, Routledge
"What it may possible to assert is that the media process of reducing human to stereotypes at the very least acts as a means of establishing boundaries between 'insiders' and 'outsiders. The audience is encouraged to identify with 'positive' rather than 'negative' characters. Put simply, viewers are asked to see themselves as 'us' and not 'them'."
This quote above can be interpreted as the explanation of stereotypes regarding audience, for example I can relate this to my topic as it puts forth the audience and the way they stereotypes 'black actors' as the others, rather then see them as a character. As stereotypes increase they become negative and have an impact upon characters roles and their outside appearance and I can relate this to how many people nowadays are able to identify with black actors/actresses rather then brush them off as 'them'.
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